THE INFLUENCE OF VATICAN II’S PRINCIPLES ON CULTURE: IMPLICATIONS ON ETHNICITY AND SYNCRETIC PRACTICES AMONG CHRISTIANS IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, NIGERIA

This study focuses on the influence of Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) principles on culture and its implications on ethnicity and syncretism among Christians in Benin City. The ecumenical meeting marked a significant shift in Catholic missiology and ecclesiology by affirming that culture constitutes of a legitimate context for the expression of Christian faith, engaging in evangelization from a local cultural reality without compromising doctrinal integrity. This situation creates a theological tension on how it can lead to authentic inculturation while avoiding syncretism that blurs the boundaries between Christian faith and indigenous religiosity. The study employs a historical and phenomenological approach using the document analysis of conciliar texts. Part of the findings is that Vatican II principles have facilitated the integration of indigenous languages, music, symbols, and communal practices into Christian worship, fostering greater participation and affirmation of ethnic identity. The study also identifies persistent syncretic practices, including ancestral rituals and protective rites, which often coexist with formal Christian observance. The persistence of syncretism is attributed to gaps in theological formation, a lack of foundation for new converts, and pastoral guidance. However, the study recommends that authentic inculturation requires sustained theological reflection, critical discernment, and Christ-centered pastoral strategies.