Resilient Energy Supply Chains: Policy and Technological Pathways for Efficient Storage and Transportation of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in Emerging Economies

Emerging economies have complex issues with supplies of crude oil and natural gas. Resilient supply chains of these two produce energizing goods which are critical to industrialization and economic growth. Flaws happen because of weak infrastructure, geopolitical risks, climate disruptions, and uncertain global energy situation. This study looks into policies and technologies to improve resilience, with an emphasis on storage and transportation. Based on a literature review, case studies, and simulation-based modeling, the findings emphasize how regulatory oversight, investment incentives, and digital innovations like IoT, AI, digital twins, and predictive maintenance can improve the supply chain performance. Working with advanced storage solutions such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals and modular tanks, and enhancing microgrid integration will allow for greater flexibility and operations. Coordinated policies and technological interventions can bring down the risk of disruptions, improve costs and strengthen energy security. Policy suggestions comprise standardized regulations, promotion of public–private partnerships, and development of new resilience metrics in developing countries. The study which blends technological advancements with policy frameworks provides a model to strengthen energy supply chain and aid sustainable energy transition objectives in developing economics.